Create Rapport and Organize Strategies for Success
The CROSS of Cross-Cultural
Emmy Award Winner, Gayle Cotton, is the author of this blog and of the bestselling cross-cultural communication book ‘SAY Anything to Anyone, Anywhere! 5 Keys to Successful Cross-Cultural Communication’, which is available on Amazon as a Book, eBook, or Audio Book. She is President of Circles Of Excellence Inc. and a Professional Keynote Speaker. Contact Gayle if you need professional speakers for events, speakers on cultural diversity, conference speakers for events, or keynote speakers that specialize in cross-cultural training. She is a leader in the field of public speakers, motivational speakers, and international keynote speakers. She is among the best of female keynote speakers and women motivational speakers and is a ‘first choice’ request for international audiences!
Circles Of Excellence provides Corporate Training, Leadership Coaching, and Professional Keynote Speakers for companies of all sizes and in all industries, including over 50 Fortune 500 companies. Contact us about our customizedtraining programs for Communication Skills, Cross-Cultural Communication, Cultural Diversity, Customer Service, Leadership Coaching, Presentation Skills, Sales Negotiations, Stress Management, Team building, and Time Management Training.
The Latest! Cultural Clues, Do’s and Taboos for Japan
A Series of Cultural Tips for Countries from A to Z
Cultural Clues & Communication Guidelines for Japan
It’s easy for business travelers to think that even when they travel, business is going to be done pretty much the same way it is at home. But that’s not always the case. Cultural differences can have a big impact on global business etiquette. That’s why it’s important for business travelers to make sure that they understand the culture of the country that they’re doing business in.
This article on cultural differences in Japan and cultural travel tips for Japan is a brief snapshot of conversation guidelines for Japan tips for communicating in Japan, and business strategies for Japan to help with understanding the culture in Japan. It’s important to keep in mind that as we homogenize as a ‘global culture’, cultural tendencies change and evolve as well. Awareness is the first step when it comes to cultural do’s and taboos for Japan and tips for intercultural communication!
Cultural Tips for Japan– including some valuable business travel tips for Japan
Punctuality is necessary when doing business in Japan because the Japanese believe it is rude to be late.
Business cards (“meishi”) are an important part of doing business in Japan and key for establishing credentials. It’s preferable to have one side of your card printed in English and the reverse in Japanese.
It is traditional to present your card with the Japanese side facing up, held with both hands between the thumbs and the forefingers. However, don’t be surprised if your Japanese counterpart greets you with a westernized business card exchange!
When receiving a business card, carefully examine it and make an interesting remark about the person’s title or occupation. Then place it on a nearby table during a meeting or in your card case if not meeting at that time. Stuffing it into a pocket is considered disrespectful. Writing on a business card is also inappropriate.
Card exchanges may be accompanied by a slight bow, which is usually lower based on the age and hierarchy of the person receiving the card.
The bow is an important part of Japanese business protocol. Bows are used for expressing appreciation, making apologies and requests, as well as for greetings and farewells. Bows convey both respect and humility.
The depth of the bow depends on the recipient’s rank and status. When bowing to an individual who is of higher status than you, bow a little lower than that person to display deference. Do the same if you are uncertain of the status of the person that you are facing. With a person of your equivalent status, bow at the same height.
The Japanese will usually shake hands with Westerners as a way of making them feel comfortable. In turn, it’s helpful for Westerners to bow slightly to demonstrate that they are also taking the initiative to learn some Japanese customs.
The simple gesture of learning some of the important Japanese customs can do a lot to help a businessperson in establishing rapport with a potential Japanese client.
Maintaining “correct” relationships between people and keeping harmony within groups and teams is considered to be very important.
Gift-giving is an important part of Japanese business protocol. It is a good policy to bring an assortment of gifts for your trip. This way, if you are unexpectedly presented with a gift, you will be able to reciprocate.
Be especially respectful to your older Japanese counterparts–age equals rank in the Japanese business culture. When you start speaking, it is polite to direct your first remarks to the most senior member, and then to appropriate individuals.
You may be asked some personal questions regarding your salary, education, and family life. If you don’t want to answer, remain polite and gracefully side-step the question.
Be careful when asking the Japanese certain questions. If the response is “maybe”, “possibly”, or “I’ll consider it”, the answer is very possibly “no”. The Japanese prefer to avoid saying “no” directly.
Meanings may be read into even the slightest gestures. Consequently, avoid displaying unusual facial expressions and motioning in ways that are remotely dramatic or expansive.
The American “O.K.” sign (thumb and forefinger shaped into an “O”) actually means “money” in Japan.
Instead of pointing, which is considered rude, use your whole open hand to point.
Blowing one’s nose in public is regarded as impolite. When necessary, use a disposable tissue and then throw it out immediately. The Japanese find the idea of keeping a used handkerchief or tissue in a pocket disgusting.
Laughter may indicate embarrassment or distress, rather than amusement. Smiling can also be used for self-control, particularly in masking displeasure.
It is considered polite to periodically say “I’m sorry.” For example, the Japanese will apologize for not being punctual enough, having a cold, taking you to a disappointing restaurant etc. Visitors are encouraged to incorporate similar apologies into their conversation.
“Saving face” is a very important concept to understand. When a person loses his or her composure or otherwise causes embarrassment, even unintentionally (“losing face”), it can be disastrous for business relationships.
5 Key Conversation or Cultural Gesture Tips
Inquiring about a person’s family is a good conversation starter
Praising and commenting on the Japanese hospitality
Japanese history and artistic achievements
Positive comments about the Japanese economy
Sports, such as golf and ski jumping
5 Key Conversation or Cultural Gesture Taboos
World War II
Jokes, unless they are very easy to understand, self-deprecating, and made in a social setting
Criticizing in any form that could cause “loss of face”
Ridicule of Japanese social / business rituals and protocol
Negative comments about the local sports teams
Bon Voyage!
Join us in the future for Do’s and Taboos for JORDAN!
Create Rapport and Organize Strategies for Success
The CROSS of Cross-Cultural
Emmy Award Winner, Gayle Cotton, is the author of this blog and of the bestselling cross-cultural communication book ‘SAY Anything to Anyone, Anywhere! 5 Keys to Successful Cross-Cultural Communication’, which is available on Amazon as a Book, eBook, or Audio Book. She is President of Circles Of Excellence Inc. and a Professional Keynote Speaker. Contact Gayle if you need professional speakers for events, speakers on cultural diversity, conference speakers for events, or keynote speakers that specialize in cross-cultural training. She is a leader in the field of public speakers, motivational speakers, and international keynote speakers. She is among the best of female keynote speakers and women motivational speakers and is a ‘first choice’ request for international audiences!
Circles Of Excellence provides Corporate Training, Leadership Coaching, and Professional Keynote Speakers for companies of all sizes and in all industries, including over 50 Fortune 500 companies. Contact us about our customizedtraining programs for Communication Skills, Cross-Cultural Communication, Cultural Diversity, Customer Service, Leadership Coaching, Presentation Skills, Sales Negotiations, Stress Management, Team building, and Time Management Training.
The Latest!
Cultural Clues, Do’s and Taboos for Italy
A Series of Cultural Tips for Countries from A to Z
Cultural
Clues & Communication Guidelines for Italy
It’s easy for business travelers to think that
even when they travel, business is going to be done pretty much the same way it
is at home. But that’s not always the case. Cultural
differences can have a big impact on global
business etiquette. That’s why it’s important for business travelers to
make sure that they understand the culture of the country that they’re doing
business in.
This article on cultural differences in Italy and cultural
travel tips for Italy is a brief snapshot of conversation guidelines for Italy tips for communicating
in Italy, and business
strategies for Italy to help with understanding
the culture in Italy. It’s important to keep in mind
that as we homogenize as a ‘global
culture’, cultural tendencies change and evolve as well. Awareness is the first step when it comes to cultural do’s and taboos for Italy and tips for intercultural
communication!
Cultural Tips for Italy– including some valuable business travel tips for
Italy
There
is tremendous respect for power, authority, and age in the Italian culture.
You
will usually be introduced to older people and women first. When introducing
yourself, it’s best to follow this protocol.
In
the business culture, punctuality is not as much of a priority as in some
places. However, it’s best to arrive on time and be prepared to wait.
In
many cities there is a long lunch break from 1:30 p.m. to 3:30 p.m. Business
may be discussed during lunch.
Be
aware of summer vacations in August, as most companies are closed.
Frequent,
warm and enthusiastic handshakes are common for both business and social
occasions. Italians will also greet people they know well with an embrace.
It’s
not unusual to see Italians touching an arm or hand in their enthusiastic
conversation style.
Italians
can be very demonstrative and like to gesture with their arms and hands while
talking.
Italians
have an enthusiastic communication style using variations of tonality and
gestures!
Conversation
interruptions are common, and there are rare moments of silence in groups.
Italians
have many physical gestures that have very specific meanings. Because of this,
avoid hand gestures where fingers are pointed, or singled out in a descriptive
way so you don’t offend anyone.
In
the Italian culture, people are traditionally expected to behave with a sense
of decorum and formality. This concept is known as ‘bella figura’ (beautiful
figure).
Although women form a
relatively high percentage of the total workforce, the number of women in
senior management positions is less than in some countries. However, progress
is constantly being made in this area.
Women tend to be in
higher positions in family owned companies where stature within the family is
the key criteria.
Senior female managers in Italy and from abroad will always be treated with equal
respect and courtesy.
In
business, avoid chewing gum, leaning on things, or slouching. Good posture and
direct eye contact is important
It’s
advisable to wait to be seated at meetings, meals, or gatherings. Take these
opportunities to cultivate feelings of respect and trust with your Italian
counterparts.
Any
presentation materials should be aesthetically pleasing. It’s essential that
things look good as appearance is very important.
Hierarchy
in business and “cordata” (chain of command) cannot be
underestimated. A belief in status and hierarchy permeates all aspects of
Italian society.
Decision
making is rather slow and protracted, so be patient since rushing the process
will only be an affront to the Italian business protocol.
Honor
and personal pride are critical. Never insult an Italian, their family, their
town, their friends, or their church (which is predominantly Roman Catholic).
5 Key Conversation
or Cultural Gesture Tips
Italian architecture and landscape
Anything related to Italian art, opera and
films
Sports, especially soccer
The warm Italian hospitality
Current events, as long as they are not
derogatory to Italy
5
Key Conversation or Cultural Gesture Taboos
Religion, the Vatican
and its policies
Politics, taxes, the Mafia and World War II
Criticizing the Italian
culture, even if your Italian counterparts are doing so
Overly personal questions about job and
family when you have just met
Negative comments about the local soccer team!
Bon
Voyage!
Join
us in the future for Do’s and Taboos for JAPAN!
Create Rapport and Organize Strategies
for Success
The CROSS of Cross-Cultural
Emmy
Award Winner, Gayle Cotton, is the author of
this blog and of the bestselling cross-cultural
communication book ‘SAY Anything to
Anyone, Anywhere! 5 Keys to Successful Cross-Cultural Communication’, which is
available on Amazon as a Book, eBook, or Audio
Book. She is President of Circles Of Excellence Inc.
and
a Professional Keynote Speaker. Contact
Gayle if you need
professional speakers for events, speakers
on cultural diversity, conference speakers for events, or keynote speakers that specialize in cross-cultural training. She is a leader in the field of public speakers, motivational speakers, and international keynote
speakers. She is among the best of female keynote speakers and women motivational speakers and is a ‘first choice’ request for international
audiences!
Circles Of Excellence provides Corporate
Training, Leadership Coaching, and Professional
Keynote Speakers for companies of all sizes and in all industries,
including over 50 Fortune 500 companies. Contact us about our customizedtraining programs for Communication Skills,
Cross-Cultural Communication, Cultural Diversity, Customer Service, Leadership
Coaching, Presentation Skills, Sales Negotiations, Stress Management, Team
building, and Time Management Training.
The Latest!
Cultural Clues, Do’s and Taboos for Israel
A Series of Cultural Tips for Countries from A to Z
Cultural
Clues & Communication Guidelines for Israel
It’s easy for business travelers to think that
even when they travel, business is going to be done pretty much the same way it
is at home. But that’s not always the case. Cultural
differences can have a big impact on global
business etiquette. That’s why it’s important for business travelers to
make sure that they understand the culture of the country that they’re doing
business in.
This article on cultural differences in Israel and cultural
travel tips for Israel is a brief snapshot of conversation guidelines for Israel tips for
communicating in Israel, and business strategies for Israel to help with understanding the culture in Israel. It’s
important to keep in mind that as we homogenize
as a ‘global culture’, cultural tendencies change and evolve as well. Awareness is the first step when it
comes to cultural do’s and taboos for Israel and tips for intercultural communication!
Cultural Tips for Israel– including some valuable business travel tips for
Israel
Most
Israelis speak at a
much closer distance than North Americans may be accustomed to so do not move
away.
Be
aware that the Jewish Holy Day, the Sabbath, begins at sunset on Friday and
ends at sunset on Saturday.
Observant
Orthodox Jewish men, whose appearance is usually distinguished by their
skullcaps (yarmulkes) or hats and black clothing, do not shake hands with women.
Women do business in the Israeli business world however, women business travelers should avoid initiating physical contact.
There
is a tendency among Israelis to downplay their professional titles, so it’s wise
to do the same.
It’s
likely that you will quickly be invited to move to a first-name basis in
business.
The
standard greeting is “Shalom” or a cordial “Hello”, followed by a handshake.
There
is also more physical contact, and conversations often involve gestures and
touching.
If
an Israeli holds your hand, take it graciously as a gesture of friendship.
For
Israelis, constant gesturing is acceptable, however pointing is considered
rude.
Refrain
from any gesture that requires you to extend the thumb, as this is considered
offensive (i.e. “thumbs up” or “thumbs down” signs, the hitchhiker’s signal,
etc.).
Business cards are considered important and
should be printed in English. As an added touch, some visitors have the reverse
side printed in Hebrew.
Given
the diverse nature of the population, business practices may reflect North
American, European, Russian, or other cultural influences.
Expect business to be
straightforward and emphasize the “bottom line.”
In
general, the pace of business is slower in Israel than in many places. You will
have to exercise patience and tolerance.
Subjective
feelings tend to form perceptions of the truth as they see it.
Faith
in the tenets of Judaism, including the conviction that the state must succeed,
can also be a profound influence in their thinking.
Feelings
and faith are supplemented by empirical evidence and other substantial facts.
Israelis
can be confrontational in business and, at times, are intensely emotional
negotiators.
Israelis
may delight in spirited disagreements and can be opinionated about their
position. However, you don’t have to feel compelled to openly agree with what
they say.
In
the Israeli business culture, it usually takes a longer time to arrive at a
final decision.
5 Key Conversation
or Cultural Gesture Tips
Family, however don’t mix it with business
Travel is always a good topic
Politics
(if you know what you are talking about)
Sports
– especially soccer, basketball, and swimming
Food
and drinks
5
Key Conversation or Cultural Gesture Taboos
It’s best not to discuss US aid in Israel
Religion in general
Israel and Palestine
Sex and roles of the sexes
Any controversial social issue in Israel
Bon
Voyage!
Join
us in the future for Do’s and Taboos for ITALY!
Create Rapport and Organize Strategies
for Success
The CROSS of Cross-Cultural
Emmy
Award Winner, Gayle Cotton, is the author of
this blog and of the bestselling cross-cultural
communication book ‘SAY Anything to
Anyone, Anywhere! 5 Keys to Successful Cross-Cultural Communication’, which is
available on Amazon as a Book, eBook, or Audio
Book. She is President of Circles Of Excellence Inc.
and
a Professional Keynote Speaker. Contact
Gayle if you need
professional speakers for events, speakers
on cultural diversity, conference speakers for events, or keynote speakers that specialize in cross-cultural training. She is a leader in the field of public speakers, motivational speakers, and international keynote
speakers. She is among the best of female keynote speakers and women motivational speakers and is a ‘first choice’ request for international
audiences!
Circles Of Excellence provides Corporate
Training, Leadership Coaching, and Professional
Keynote Speakers for companies of all sizes and in all industries,
including over 50 Fortune 500 companies. Contact us about our customizedtraining programs for Communication Skills,
Cross-Cultural Communication, Cultural Diversity, Customer Service, Leadership
Coaching, Presentation Skills, Sales Negotiations, Stress Management, Team
building, and Time Management Training.
The Latest!
Cultural Clues, Do’s and Taboos for Ireland
A Series of Cultural Tips for Countries from A to Z
Cultural
Clues & Communication Guidelines for Ireland
It’s easy for business travelers to think that
even when they travel, business is going to be done pretty much the same way it
is at home. But that’s not always the case. Cultural
differences can have a big impact on global
business etiquette. That’s why it’s important for business travelers to
make sure that they understand the culture of the country that they’re doing
business in.
This article on cultural differences in Ireland and cultural
travel tips for Ireland is a brief snapshot of conversation guidelines for Ireland tips for communicating
in Ireland, and business
strategies for Ireland to help with understanding
the culture in Ireland. It’s important to keep in
mind that as we homogenize as a
‘global culture’, cultural tendencies change and evolve as well. Awareness is the first step when it
comes to cultural do’s and taboos for Ireland and tips for intercultural communication!
Cultural Tips for Ireland– including some valuable business travel tips for
Ireland
The Irish
often have more of a relaxed attitude toward time. As a business traveler,
however, you should always strive to be punctual for your appointments.
When meeting
the Irish, the proper greeting is to shake hands and extend a warm greeting as
you maintain eye contact. Handshakes should also be exchanged upon departure.
The Irish
tend to value their personal space and will expect the same of you. If you
speak in an animated manner, tone down your hand gestures.
Stand
straight and sit with your feet situated flat on the floor. If men or women
cross their legs, it shouldn’t be ankle over knee. It is preferable to cross
ankle over ankle.
In a conversation
between the Irish and visitors to the country, all participants are expected to
maintain a low, moderate, tone of voice.
Among friends, family, and perhaps closer
acquaintances, it’s permissible for the volume and display of emotions to
become more pronounced.
The Irish are
resolute about their independence from English rule. Consequently, in
conversation, refrain from putting Irish culture in the same category as
English culture.
Generalizations
between cultures can jeopardize the business relationship you have worked to
establish.
Keep your
hands out of your pockets, particularly when speaking.
Avoid using
the North American expression, “Have a nice day”. It will come across as
sounding questionable.
Pointing is
accomplished by using the head or chin, rather than the fingers. Touching one’s
nose is a sign of confidentiality.
Use the index
finger to indicate the number one, and the thumb for number five.
The peace
sign or “V” made by extending the index and middle finger with the palm facing
out, is an obscene gesture in Ireland and should be avoided.
In larger
organizations, the boss is distinguished from others as the key decision-maker
and authority figure. Subordinates usually do as they are told and may not readily
express opinions or ideas unless asked.
The Irish
tend to value a conservative demeanor, yet have an admiration for eccentrics,
rebels, and artists.
Fewer women
are a part of the higher ranks in Irish business culture, although they are
slowly making progress.
If you place
a high priority on having a tightly focused meeting, you will have to make some
allowances. In general, the Irish don’t place much emphasis on closely
following an agenda.
The Irish are
far more animated speakers than the English. They can sometimes be described as
prone to the legendary pastime of “blarney” or embellishing the truth.
The Irish
tend to be very “down-to-earth”, so ensure that any information you give is
sensible and realistic.
The Irish
tend to be polite, attentive listeners and will restrain themselves from
interrupting, so do the same.
Don’t put
pressure on the decision-making process. Efforts of any kind to obtain direct
information or force a faster decision will only damage your relationship.
5 Key Conversation
or Cultural Gesture Tips
Irish
writers such as Swift, Yeats, Joyce, Shaw, O’Casey, and Beckett have made great
literary contributions. Knowledge and appreciation of Irish literature will
ingratiate you with your Irish companions.
Your
travels in Ireland
The
Gaelic culture
Sports,
especially Irish sports and football (Soccer)
Food,
drink and fun!
5
Key Conversation or Cultural Gesture Taboos
Avoid
discussing Irish politics
Religion
and religious differences in Ireland
Comparing
the lives of the native Irish with Irish-Americans
Sex
and roles of the sexes
Any
controversial social issue in Ireland
Bon
Voyage!
Join
us in the future for Do’s and Taboos for ISRAEL!
Create Rapport and Organize Strategies
for Success
The CROSS of Cross-Cultural
Emmy
Award Winner, Gayle Cotton, is the author of
this blog and of the bestselling cross-cultural
communication book ‘SAY Anything to
Anyone, Anywhere! 5 Keys to Successful Cross-Cultural Communication’, which is
available on Amazon as a Book, eBook, or Audio
Book. She is President of Circles Of Excellence Inc.
and
a Professional Keynote Speaker. Contact
Gayle if you need
professional speakers for events, speakers
on cultural diversity, conference speakers for events, or keynote speakers that specialize in cross-cultural training. She is a leader in the field of public speakers, motivational speakers, and international keynote
speakers. She is among the best of female keynote speakers and women motivational speakers and is a ‘first choice’ request for international
audiences!
Circles Of Excellence provides Corporate
Training, Leadership Coaching, and Professional
Keynote Speakers for companies of all sizes and in all industries,
including over 50 Fortune 500 companies. Contact us about our customizedtraining programs for Communication Skills,
Cross-Cultural Communication, Cultural Diversity, Customer Service, Leadership
Coaching, Presentation Skills, Sales Negotiations, Stress Management, Team
building, and Time Management Training.
The Latest!
Cultural Clues, Do’s and Taboos for Iran
A Series of Cultural Tips for Countries from A to Z
Cultural
Clues & Communication Guidelines for Iran
It’s easy for business travelers to think that
even when they travel, business is going to be done pretty much the same way it
is at home. But that’s not always the case. Cultural
differences can have a big impact on global
business etiquette. That’s why it’s important for business travelers to
make sure that they understand the culture of the country that they’re doing
business in.
This article on cultural differences in Iran and cultural
travel tips for Iran is a brief snapshot of conversation guidelines for Iran tips for communicating
in Iran, and business
strategies for Iran to help with understanding
the culture in Iran. It’s important to keep in mind
that as we homogenize as a ‘global
culture’, cultural tendencies change and evolve as well. Awareness is the first step when it comes to cultural do’s and taboos for Iran and tips for intercultural communication!
Cultural Tips for Iran– including some valuable business travel tips for
Iran
Although
Iran is considered a part of the Middle East, it is important that you do not
confuse Iranians with Arabs. Both have different languages, cultures, and
histories.
The
official language of Iran is Persian – known as ‘Farsi’ to Iranians. Although
it borrows many words from Arabic, it is a unique language.
Iranians
are predominantly Shia Muslims. However, some Azeris, Kurds, Afghans, Beluchis and
other ethnic minorities in Iran are Sunni.
Shia
Islam’s differences with the Sunni variety are limited and sometimes over
emphasized.
People
should always be mindful of their behavior in public. Clothes should be
conservative and non-revealing.
Avoid
talking loudly. Do not hold hands with the opposite sex in public, unless these
are children or older members of the family.
When
meeting someone, always shake hands. As a male, you should wait to see if a
woman extends her hand. If she doesn’t then simply nod your head and smile.
When
meeting someone for the first time, stick to formalities. Once a relationship
has been established, your Iranian counterpart will quickly start to address
you with your first name.
As
a male in business, you will be expected to dress smartly and conservatively. A
suit is standard, although wearing a tie is not necessary.
Women
should wear conservative clothing that covers arms, legs, and hair.
When
in public, women must cover their hair with a scarf. However, the last few years
has seen incredible changes in what the authorities are willing to tolerate.
Women
can now be seen wearing make-up, jeans, and scarves that barely cover the hair.
Nonetheless, as a foreigner it is best to err on the side of caution.
Business
hours are Saturday to Thursday 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Lunch is usually an hour at
around 1 p.m. No business is done on Fridays.
Although
many Iranians in business will have a good understanding of English, it is best
to arrange for your own interpreter to accompany you.
At the beginning of any meeting, engage in
small talk and ask about people’s health, family and work. Wait for your
counterpart to initiate the transition in conversation to business matters.
Your
success is defined by your ability to build effective personal relationships,
combined with a clearly outlined and well-presented proposal.
Building
a relationship with your Iranian counterparts is crucial. The first meeting
should be focused solely on getting to know each other. Once a relationship has
been established, you can move on to business matters.
Iranians
are astute businesspeople. They enjoy haggling and getting concessions, so
prepare for longer negotiations.
Decision
making can be slow. It is most likely that you will meet and negotiate with
less senior people first.
Once
you are seen as trustworthy and your proposal financially viable, you will move
on to meet more senior members.
When
negotiating, Iranians will start at extremes in order to gage your response.
Prior to negotiations, know your target figure and work slowly towards it
through meaningful concessions.
5 Key Conversation
or Cultural Gesture Tips
Iran,
it’s language, culture and history
Discussing
family in a general, non-intrusive way
Food,
especially the variety of local cuisine
Sports,
especially Football (Soccer) is always a good topic
Professionals
will enjoy talking about their education and employment
5
Key Conversation or Cultural Gesture Taboos
Questions
about Islam, unless they are very simple, inquisitive questions
Contentious
issues that may lead to heated discussion like the Revolution of 1979,
Iranian-US relations, and Israeli foreign and domestic policy
Sex
and roles of the sexes
Personal
questions, unless a very close relationship has been established. Also don’t
divulge too much personal information about yourself
Any
negative comments about Iran regarding the leadership, infrastructure or people
Bon
Voyage!
Join
us in the future for Do’s and Taboos for IRELAND!
Create Rapport and Organize Strategies
for Success
The CROSS of Cross-Cultural
Emmy
Award Winner, Gayle Cotton, is the author of
this blog and of the bestselling cross-cultural
communication book ‘SAY Anything to
Anyone, Anywhere! 5 Keys to Successful Cross-Cultural Communication’, which is
available on Amazon as a Book, eBook, or Audio
Book. She is President of Circles Of Excellence Inc.
and
a Professional Keynote Speaker. Contact
Gayle if you need
professional speakers for events, speakers
on cultural diversity, conference speakers for events, or keynote speakers that specialize in cross-cultural training. She is a leader in the field of public speakers, motivational speakers, and international keynote
speakers. She is among the best of female keynote speakers and women motivational speakers and is a ‘first choice’ request for international
audiences!
Circles Of Excellence provides Corporate
Training, Leadership Coaching, and Professional
Keynote Speakers for companies of all sizes and in all industries,
including over 50 Fortune 500 companies. Contact us about our customizedtraining programs for Communication Skills,
Cross-Cultural Communication, Cultural Diversity, Customer Service, Leadership
Coaching, Presentation Skills, Sales Negotiations, Stress Management, Team
building, and Time Management Training.
The Latest!
Cultural Clues, Do’s and Taboos for Indonesia
A Series of Cultural Tips for Countries from A to Z
Cultural
Clues & Communication Guidelines for Indonesia
It’s easy for business travelers to think that
even when they travel, business is going to be done pretty much the same way it
is at home. But that’s not always the case. Cultural
differences can have a big impact on global
business etiquette. That’s why it’s important for business travelers to
make sure that they understand the culture of the country that they’re doing
business in.
This article on cultural differences in Indonesia and cultural
travel tips for Indonesia is a brief snapshot of conversation guidelines for Indonesia tips for
communicating in Indonesia, and business strategies for Indonesia to help with understanding the culture in Indonesia. It’s
important to keep in mind that as we homogenize
as a ‘global culture’, cultural tendencies change and evolve as well. Awareness is the first step when it
comes to cultural do’s and taboos for Indonesia and tips for intercultural communication!
Cultural Tips for Indonesia– including some valuable business travel tips for
Indonesia
Generally,
greetings among all Indonesians are conducted with stateliness and formality,
in a slow, deliberate manner. A hurried introduction will be perceived as
disrespectful.
Especially
among Indonesian Chinese, handshakes are the standard greeting. Most Indonesian
handshakes have a gentle grasp and last for 10-12 seconds.
For
subsequent meetings, it may also be appropriate to bow rather than initiate
further handshakes. Bow your head, lower your eyes, and smile while saying the
Indonesian greeting “Selamat”, which means “peace.”
The
traditional Hindu greeting involves a slight bow with the palms of the hands
together, as if praying. Older, traditional Hindus often use this greeting,
called the “Namaste”. It is also an acceptable alternative to a handshake
when a Western businesswoman greets a Hindu man.
With
the exception of handshakes, there is no public contact between the sexes in
Indonesia. Hugging and kissing, even between husbands and wives, are forbidden
in public. Moreover, if a woman touches a Muslim man, he must ritually cleanse
himself before praying again.
Conversely,
physical contact between people of the same sex is perfectly acceptable. You’ll
likely observe men holding hands with men or even walking with their arms
around each other. These displays are viewed strictly as gestures of
friendship.
Be
aware that many Indonesians believe that the head is the “seat of the
soul.” Consequently, never touch someone’s head, not even to
good-naturedly pat the hair of a child.
Among
both Muslims and Hindus, the left hand is considered unclean so, whenever
possible, should not be used in public. The right hand should be used
exclusively to eat, accept gifts, hold cash, and touch people. These guidelines
apply even if you are left-handed. However, you may use your left hand when
there is absolutely no other realistic alternative.
Since
the foot is also considered unclean, do not use this part of the body to point
at, move or touch things. Also, refrain from resting your feet on desks or
table. Do not show the soles of your feet or shoes. You can cross your legs at
the knee, but not with one ankle over your knee.
Point
with an open hand rather than with your index finger, which is considered rude.
Chewing gum in public is discouraged.
There is a belief in Indonesia that the
office is the only place to discuss business. Therefore, refrain from
discussing business in a social situation, unless your Indonesian companions
bring up the subject. Meals are often enjoyed with very little conversation.
To
successfully hold a conversation, it’s essential for Indonesians to know if
they are speaking with a person who is their superior, inferior or equal.
Generally, they will feel uncomfortable until they learn your status, so there
is a tendency to ask very personal questions.
Be
careful when asking an Indonesian Chinese a question. For example, English
speakers would give a negative answer to the question “Isn’t the document
available?” by responding “no.” The Chinese interpretation is
opposite. The answer would be “yes,” meaning “Yes, the document
is not available.”
Although
many government officials will speak some English, they may prefer to hold
meetings in Bahasa Indonesia. Fortunately, English-speaking translators are
usually easily accessible. Presentation material
and company literature should be also translated into Bahasa Indonesia.
When
you receive another person’s card, make a show of carefully examining it for a
few moments and then remarking upon it before putting it in your card case or
on a nearby table. Accepting a business card and then immediately stuffing it
into your back pocket will be perceived as disrespectful.
Indonesians
tend to be very friendly and you should reciprocate this immediate
friendliness. They are more likely to buy from people who they genuinely like.
Taking
the time to develop solid, long-term personal relationships is of vital
importance. In Indonesian business culture, relationships are based on respect
and trust.
Meetings
tend to be formal. The Indonesian participants will enter the room based on
their hierarchical position and then take a seat. You will be expected to
remain standing until this ritual concludes.
The
majority of Indonesian businesspeople are Chinese, and they are likely to be
prompt for meetings and appointments.
Other
businesspeople and many government officials are ethnic Malays, and they may place less of an emphasis on efficiency,
punctuality and deadlines.
5 Key Conversation
or Cultural Gesture Tips
Talk
about Indonesian traditions, culture, and architecture
Families
and friends is always a welcome topic
Food, especially discussing the variety of
local cuisine
Sports in general is always a good topic
The success and future plans of your
organization
5
Key Conversation or Cultural Gesture Taboos
Commenting
on Indonesian customs that you find unusual
Human
rights, politics, the Military influence, bureaucracy, corruption
Sex
and roles of the sexes
Over
emphasizing your personal successes
It’s best to avoid religion and your personal
religious preferences
Bon
Voyage!
Join
us in the future for Do’s and Taboos for IRAN!
Create Rapport and Organize Strategies
for Success
The CROSS of Cross-Cultural
Emmy
Award Winner, Gayle Cotton, is the author of
this blog and of the bestselling cross-cultural
communication book ‘SAY Anything to
Anyone, Anywhere! 5 Keys to Successful Cross-Cultural Communication’, which is
available on Amazon as a Book, eBook, or Audio
Book. She is President of Circles Of Excellence Inc.
and
a Professional Keynote Speaker. Contact
Gayle if you need
professional speakers for events, speakers
on cultural diversity, conference speakers for events, or keynote speakers that specialize in cross-cultural training. She is a leader in the field of public speakers, motivational speakers, and international keynote
speakers. She is among the best of female keynote speakers and women motivational speakers and is a ‘first choice’ request for international
audiences!
Circles Of Excellence provides Corporate
Training, Leadership Coaching, and Professional
Keynote Speakers for companies of all sizes and in all industries,
including over 50 Fortune 500 companies. Contact us about our customizedtraining programs for Communication Skills,
Cross-Cultural Communication, Cultural Diversity, Customer Service, Leadership
Coaching, Presentation Skills, Sales Negotiations, Stress Management, Team
building, and Time Management Training.
The Latest!
Cultural Clues, Do’s and Taboos for India
A Series of Cultural Tips for Countries from A to Z
Cultural
Clues & Communication Guidelines for India
It’s easy for business travelers to think that
even when they travel, business is going to be done pretty much the same way it
is at home. But that’s not always the case. Cultural
differences can have a big impact on global
business etiquette. That’s why it’s important for business travelers to
make sure that they understand the culture of the country that they’re doing
business in.
This article on cultural differences in India and cultural
travel tips for India is a brief snapshot of conversation guidelines for India tips for communicating
in India, and business
strategies for India to help with understanding
the culture in India. It’s important to keep in mind
that as we homogenize as a ‘global
culture’, cultural tendencies change and evolve as well. Awareness is the first step when it comes to cultural do’s and taboos for India and tips for intercultural
communication!
Cultural Tips for India– including some valuable business travel tips for
India
Rapport
and discussing friends and family is an important part of establishing a business
relationship in India.
Conversation is considered an “art
form” and people put a lot of time and effort into a discussion. However, it
shouldn’t be overdone.
Indians tend to be enthusiastic about
discussing politics and religion. They enjoy opinionated conversations and
don’t necessarily want to hear only bland pleasantries from a foreign guest. Just
make sure you are well-informed.
Indians
of all ethnic groups disapprove of public displays of affection between people
of the opposite sex. Refrain from greeting people with hugs or kisses. This
includes most non westernized Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, and Christians.
The
traditional Indian greeting is the “namaste.” To perform the
“namaste”, hold the palms of your hands together (as if praying)
below the chin, nod or bow slightly, and say “namaste” (nah-mas-tay).
This greeting is useful for foreigners in any circumstance in which a handshake
might not be appropriate.
To beckon someone, you hold your hand out, palm downward, and make a scooping motion with the fingers. Beckoning someone with the palm up and wagging one finger, as in the United States, will often be perceived as an insult.
Pointing with you finger is considered rude. Indians prefer to point with their chin.
Feet
are considered unclean, so never point your feet at another person. You will be
expected to apologize whenever your shoes or feet touch another person.
Indians
appreciate punctuality even though they may not always practice it themselves.
Keep your schedule flexible enough for last-minute rescheduling of meetings.
Although there are still more men in senior
positions, women are readily accepted in the business environment.
Take care to behave in a professional manner
with male subordinates as signs of friendship or affection could be
misconstrued.
The
hierarchical nature of Indian society dictates that the boss is recognized as
the highest individual in authority.
When
establishing business contacts, aim for those in the highest position of
authority since decisions are made only at this level.
Middle
managers usually do not make final decisions however they do have influence. A
middle manager on your side can forward a proposal. Often, they are more
accessible to meet with.
In
Indian business culture, perceptions of the truth tend to be guided by feelings,
and a strong faith in religious ideologies is also common.
Although
this is changing, the caste system remains one of the most important influences
in Indian society. Technically there is equality under the law, however
inequality still exists between the castes and is an accepted reality of Indian
life.
Since
the word “no” has negative implications in India, evasive answers are
considered more polite. For example, if you must decline an invitation, it’s
more acceptable to give a vague and noncommittal answer such as “I’ll
try” or “We’ll see” rather than “No, I can’t.”
Business
in India is highly personal. It is also conducted at a more leisurely pace than
in the United States.
Hospitality
is an intrinsic part of doing business in India, and most business discussions
will not begin until tea is served and there has been some preliminary
“small talk.”
Expect
Indian negotiators to be highly skilled and often looking for a ‘bargain’.
It’s
best to mask any angry or upset feelings with a smile and work through challenges
in a positive fashion.
5 Key Conversation
or Cultural Gesture Tips
Indian
traditions, culture, architecture as well as that of other countries
Families,
friends and other interesting people
Food is very important, and they enjoy
discussing their traditional fare
Cricket and other sports
Religion and general politics (if you know
what you are talking about)
5
Key Conversation or Cultural Gesture Taboos
Personal
matters or anything that might be considered overly intrusive
Poverty or foreign
aid in India
Anything about India that you may have some
unpleasant feelings towards
Feet are considered unclean, so never point
your feet at someone
Pointing with your finger is considered rude
Bon
Voyage!
Join
us in the future for Do’s and Taboos for INDONESIA!
Create Rapport and Organize Strategies
for Success
The CROSS of Cross-Cultural
Emmy
Award Winner, Gayle Cotton, is the author of
this blog and of the bestselling cross-cultural
communication book ‘SAY Anything to
Anyone, Anywhere! 5 Keys to Successful Cross-Cultural Communication’, which is
available on Amazon as a Book, eBook, or Audio
Book. She is President of Circles Of Excellence Inc.
and
a Professional Keynote Speaker. Contact
Gayle if you need
professional speakers for events, speakers
on cultural diversity, conference speakers for events, or keynote speakers that specialize in cross-cultural training. She is a leader in the field of public speakers, motivational speakers, and international keynote
speakers. She is among the best of female keynote speakers and women motivational speakers and is a ‘first choice’ request for international
audiences!
Circles Of Excellence provides Corporate
Training, Leadership Coaching, and Professional
Keynote Speakers for companies of all sizes and in all industries,
including over 50 Fortune 500 companies. Contact us about our customizedtraining programs for Communication Skills,
Cross-Cultural Communication, Cultural Diversity, Customer Service, Leadership
Coaching, Presentation Skills, Sales Negotiations, Stress Management, Team
building, and Time Management Training.
The Latest! Cultural Clues, Do’s and Taboos for Egypt
A Series of Cultural Tips for Countries from A to Z
Cultural Clues & Communication Guidelines for Egypt
It’s easy for business travelers to think that even when they travel, business is going to be done pretty much the same way it is at home. But that’s not always the case. Cultural differences can have a big impact on global business etiquette. That’s why it’s important for business travelers to make sure that they understand the culture of the country that they’re doing business in.
This article on cultural differences in Egypt and cultural travel tips for Egypt is a brief snapshot of conversation guidelines for Egypt, tips for communicating in Egypt, and business strategies for Egypt to help with understanding the culture in Egypt. It’s important to keep in mind that as we homogenize as a ‘global culture’, cultural tendencies change and evolve as well. Awareness is the first step when it comes to cultural do’s and taboos for Egypt and tips for intercultural communication!
Cultural Tips for Egypt – including some valuable business travel tips forEgypt
In Egyptian business culture, punctuality is not as much of a priority as for westerners. However, it’s best to arrive on time even though your contact may be late for an appointment.
Appointments with traditional Arabic business people are rarely private occasions. Interruptions in the form of phone calls and visits from your counterpart’s friends and family are to be expected.
In accordance with tradition, an Egyptian will welcome you several times at your first meeting.
Business will not proceed until your counterpart knows and decides that he likes you. Consequently, the social side of the deal is just as important as the work-related side.
You also may find other business people present and several meetings occurring simultaneously. Westerners frequently find these distractions frustrating, but it’s important to remain calm and understanding.
Egyptian names are written in Arabic. Because short vowels are not written in Arabic, translating from Arabic to other alphabets is not an “exact science.” Egyptian names may be spelled several different ways in English.
Friday is the Muslim holy day, and many people also take Thursday off. The typical business week is Wednesday through Saturday.
A typical business schedule is 8:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m. in the summer, and 9:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m. and continuing 5:00 p.m. to 7:00 p.m. in the winter.
The Islamic calendar uses lunar months of 28 days, so an Islamic year of 12 months is only 354 days long. Consequently, holidays will be on different dates by the Western calendar every year. Any listed Muslim holiday dates are approximations since they depend upon actual lunar observations.
Any business paperwork should include two dates: the Gregorian (Western) date and the Hijrah (Arabic) date. Be aware that Coptics or Christian Egyptians have yet another different calendar, however this calendar is used only by Coptics.
Arabic men often walk hand in hand, but Westernized Egyptians rarely do this. If an Egyptian holds your hand, accept this gesture as a sign of friendship.
Egyptians tend to speak at a much closer distance than do many countries. Even if you are not accustomed to this close contact, don’t back up. If you keep your distance, the perception might be that you find your counterpart’s physical presence distasteful or that you are an unfeeling person.
Conversations often involves body language and touching but only between the same sexes.
While things continue to improve for women in Egypt, they constitute less of the Egyptian workforce. Most are employed in the professional and service sectors, however there are numerous female physicians.
In the professional sector, there are fewer female executives. If you encounter a woman decision-maker in business, she will probably be very Western-oriented in her behavior.
The left hand is considered unclean in the Arab world. Unless you are handling something considered unclean, always use the right hand. Also avoid gesturing with the left hand.
When sitting, keep both feet on the ground, since Arabs do not cross their legs when sitting. Exposing the bottom of your foot is considered offensive.
When you remove your shoes, as when entering a mosque, the soles of the shoes are always placed down to prevent them from pointing at anyone.
The “thumbs up” sign is thought to be offensive throughout the Arab world.
It should also be noted that many Egyptians are not practicing Muslims. Egyptian Muslims will adhere to Islamic values, however, compared to other Arabic cultures they are more open to Western ideas.
When an Egyptian says “yes”, he may simply mean “possibly.” Although you should feel encouraged by these positive responses, it would be wrong to assume that agreement has been reached.
5 Key Conversation or Cultural Gesture Tips
Egyptians may joke around and make fun of themselves. For example, Egyptian bureaucracy is a favorite target. Nevertheless, no matter how self-deprecating their humor gets, you should not try to make fun of Egypt or the Egyptians.
Egyptian achievements, both the ancient wonders and modern advances
The positive reputation of Egyptian leaders around the world
Egyptian cotton, gold and other elements of their economy
Sports, especially soccer (football), basketball, boxing (in which Egypt has won several medals), horse racing, tennis, and all water-related sports (especially sailing and swimming)
5 Key Conversation or Cultural Gesture Taboos
Avoid questions about the female members of your counterpart’s family
Don’t discuss Israeli or Palestinian affairs
Stay away from discussions about your private life or religion
Don’t compare Egypt to more westernized countries
Never talk about anyone in terms of inequality
Bon Voyage!
Join us in the future for Do’s and Taboos for ENGLAND!
Create Rapport and Organize Strategies for Success
The CROSS of Cross-Cultural
Emmy Award Winner, Gayle Cotton, is the author of this blog and of the bestselling cross-cultural communication book ‘SAY Anything to Anyone, Anywhere! 5 Keys to Successful Cross-Cultural Communication’, which is available on Amazon as a Book, eBook, or Audio Book. She is President of Circles Of Excellence Inc. and a Professional Keynote Speaker. Contact Gayle if you need professional speakers for events, speakers on cultural diversity, conference speakers for events, or keynote speakers that specialize in cross-cultural training. She is a leader in the field of public speakers, motivational speakers, and international keynote speakers. She is among the best of female keynote speakers and women motivational speakers and is a ‘first choice’ request for international audiences!
Circles Of Excellence provides Corporate Training, Leadership Coaching, and Professional Keynote Speakers for companies of all sizes and in all industries, including over 50 Fortune 500 companies. Contact us about our customized training programs for Communication Skills, Cross-Cultural Communication, Cultural Diversity, Customer Service, Leadership Coaching, Presentation Skills, Sales Negotiations, Stress Management, Teambuilding, and Time Management Training.
The Latest! Cultural Clues, Do’s and Taboos for Denmark
A Series of Cultural Tips for Countries from A to Z
Cultural Clues & Communication Guidelines for Denmark
It’s easy for business travelers to think that even when they travel, business is going to be done pretty much the same way it is at home. But that’s not always the case. Cultural differences can have a big impact on global business etiquette. That’s why it’s important for business travelers to make sure that they understand the culture of the country that they’re doing business in.
This article on cultural differences in Denmarkand cultural travel tips for Denmark is a brief snapshot of conversation guidelines for Denmark, tips for communicating in Denmark, and business strategies for Denmarkto help with understanding the culture in Denmark. It’s important to keep in mind that as we homogenize as a ‘global culture’, cultural tendencies change and evolve as well. Awareness is the first step when it comes to cultural do’s and taboos for Denmarkand tips for intercultural communication!
Cultural Tips for Denmark– including some valuable business travel tips forDenmark
The Danes tend to be unexpressive people in public and rather low-key in general. It’s best to subdue yourself a bit, especially if you tend to be animated and use expressive body language. The key to being accepted and respected in Denmark is to blend in rather than be conspicuous.
When talking to a Dane, stand about two arms lengths away to give him or her enough distance.
If you are sitting and being introduced to a new contact or associate, be sure to stand up before extending your hand. Offer a firm handshake as you make eye contact. Any effort that you make to include a Danish greeting into your introduction (“Goddag” meaning “Good Day”) will be appreciated.
Giving preferential treatment to anyone is discouraged. Denmark is such an equality entrenched society that you are expected to give the same preferential treatment to a janitor that you would to the organization president.
Punctuality is very important, so make the effort to be exactly on time for all business appointments. Danes expect punctuality for social engagements as well.
Many Europeans and South Americans write the day first, then the month, then the year. For example, October 21, 2005, is written 21.10.05. This is the custom in Denmark.
Although you may get the impression in your business dealings that Danes initially appear to be reserved or distant, in fact they can be a very warm people who enjoy lengthy conversations and being with friends. They are especially at ease at home and in other social settings.
It is considered rude to get too friendly with someone with whom you have only a casual acquaintance. This includes questions about the person’s private life or comments about religion, income and family.
Danish business introductions consist of a formal exchange. If you are sitting and being introduced to a new contact or associate, be sure to stand up before extending your hand. Offer a firm handshake as you make eye contact.
The Danes want each minute spent on the job to be productive and used effectively. It is important to arrive on time and give a well-prepared presentation. Meetings are well organized, move swiftly, and will start and end on time.
Many people are flattered by compliments, but this is not the case with Danes. Danes sometimes consider compliments to be inappropriate.
Traditional Danish culture is always a good topic to discuss. Showing an interest in anything Danish from Hans Christian Andersen to Legos is appreciated.
There is an emphasis on individual initiative and achievement, with one’s competency being more important than his or her station in life.
The dignity and worth of individuals is promoted along with the right to a private life and private opinions.
In comparison with other European countries, Denmark is one of the most progressive when it comes to equality between men and women.
Denmark ranks number one in Europe when it comes to the greatest percentage of women working outside the home, and many women hold top positions in Danish companies.
It would be a mistake to introduce a business plan that will have detrimental side effects for the environment. You will find that Danes are committed to preserving the environment.
The Danes freely express their feelings. You may find them blunt, but that is their way. Be receptive to their comments and respond in a positive tone.
Danes are very tolerant, so it is not advisable to criticize other people or systems.
The Danish sense of humor tends to be more reserved or dry than the American sense of humor.
Danes are typically people of their word. Once an agreement is signed, you can be certain that the project will move forward.
5 Key Conversation or Cultural Gesture Tips
Denmark! Danes are very proud and willing to share about their country
Anything related to art, music and culture
The progressive nature of business in Denmark, and the equality between men and women
Your home country and the region you are from
Non-controversial current events
5 Key Conversation or Cultural Gesture Taboos
Avoid mentioning family and personal affairs, unless the topic is brought up
Don’t initiate discussions about your private life or religion
Avoid talking about personal finances.
Avoid discussions about politics and socialism.
Don’t talk about anyone in terms of inequality.
Bon Voyage!
Join us in the future for Do’s and Taboos for EGYPT!
Create Rapport and Organize Strategies for Success
The CROSS of Cross-Cultural
Emmy Award Winner, Gayle Cotton, is the author of this blog and of the bestselling cross-cultural communication book ‘SAY Anything to Anyone, Anywhere! 5 Keys to Successful Cross-Cultural Communication’, which is available on Amazon as a Book, eBook, or Audio Book. She is President of Circles Of Excellence Inc. and a Professional Keynote Speaker. Contact Gayle if you need professional speakers for events, speakers on cultural diversity, conference speakers for events, or keynote speakers that specialize in cross-cultural training. She is a leader in the field of public speakers, motivational speakers, and international keynote speakers. She is among the best of female keynote speakers and women motivational speakers and is a ‘first choice’ request for international audiences!
Circles Of Excellence provides Corporate Training, Leadership Coaching, and Professional Keynote Speakers for companies of all sizes and in all industries, including over 50 Fortune 500 companies. Contact us about our customized training programs for Communication Skills, Cross-Cultural Communication, Cultural Diversity, Customer Service, Leadership Coaching, Presentation Skills, Sales Negotiations, Stress Management, Teambuilding, and Time Management Training.
Emmy Award Winner, Gayle Cotton, is a distinguished and highly sought after Professional Keynote Speaker. She presents for international companies around the world on every continent. She has won the respect of Company Presidents. Ambassadors, and Country Leaders.
The Latest! Cultural Clues, Do’s and Taboos for Denmark